What are some philosophical ideas from other historical cultures that are pretty weird to Westerners?

I've tried to focus on the main historical cultures that have been important for western philosophy. Obviously it's a very simplified account of these ideas, and in many cases I'm even mixing multiple schools of thought together under one idea. If you want to correct me or add detail, I'd appreciate that. Also, I've omitted any historical philosophy ideas that are found in Western philosophy as well.<br><br><br>**Ancient Egypt**<br><br>* **Ma’at**: There exists an objective concept of “justice” or “morality” that is independent of the gods or society. It is a cosmic principle like the laws of physics.<br><br>**Ancient China**<br><br>* **Legalism**: Humans are inherently selfish and evil, and only the fear of harsh laws and brutal punishments can make us behave.<br>* **Daoism**: The world has a natural order, and if we interfere too much with our presence, it becomes imbalanced.<br>* **Taoist fatalism**: If we accept that death will happen inevitably and that we have no control over it, we can find happiness.<br>* **Li**: Social and moral norms aren’t objective or based on reason, but are based on a shared sense of appropriateness.<br>* **Xiao (filial piety)**: Children have an inherent moral duty to obey their parents.<br>* **Qi (vital energy)**: There is an invisible energy that flows through the body and is necessary for life.<br>* **Yin-yang**: The world is made up of two opposing forces that emerges from one another.<br><br>**Ancient India**<br><br>* **Karma**: Our individual souls («jiva») are reborn into a new life after death based on our deeds from this life, and have some control over what kind of life we want to be reborn into.<br>* **Anattā (no self)**: The concept of a unified self is an illusion. We are not fixed beings, and have no unchanging soul. The self is merely a temporary combination of attributes.<br>* **Samskara (mental impressions)**: Our experiences create mental impressions that we can’t get rid of, and that influence our perception of the world.<br>* **Dharma**: There exists an inherent moral order in the universe that governs human life.<br><br>**Ancient Persia**<br><br>* **Moral dualism**: The world is a battleground between good and evil spirits, and humans have to choose which side they are on.<br>* **Zoroastrian eschatology**: There will eventually be a final judgement day where the forces of good will defeat the forces of evil, and evil will be destroyed.<br><br>**Ancient Africa (Dogon)**<br><br>* **Nommo (ancestors)**: The world was created by an advanced civilisation of fish-like ancestors, and they will come back to teach us how to live like them.<br>* **Cosmic egg**: The world was born from an egg that was laid by a female spirit.<br><br>**Pre-Columbian Americas (Aztecs)**<br><br>* **Five suns**: There have been four previous suns / worlds that have been destroyed, and our current world is the fifth one.<br>* **Human blood sacrifice**: Human blood sacrifice is morally justified, because it is necessary for keeping the universe in motion and the gods satisfied.<br>* **War as a moral duty**: War is a moral duty, because it is necessary to get humans to sacrifice, and for the gods to eat.<br><br>**Japan**<br><br>* **Bushido**: The way of the samurai is superior to all other professions. It consists of unwavering loyalty to the master, self-discipline and self-sacrifice.<br>* **Giri (duty)**: It is our moral duty to obey societal norms and tradition, even if we don’t agree with them.<br><br>**Pre-colonial Pacific (Maori)**<br><br>* **Mana**: There is spiritual power and prestige that some people have more of than others, and that can be strengthened or weakened based on our actions.<br><br>**Other**<br><br>* **Reincarnation**: Many of these cultures have believed in reincarnation of some sort, but in different forms than what we find in Western philosophy.<br><br>I am thankful to u/KnoseKing for pointing me to some of these sources:<br><br>* “The Upanishads”, translated by Eknath Easwaran<br>* “The Analects of Confucius”, translated by Burton Watson<br>* “Tao Te Ching”, translated by Stephen Mitchell<br>* “The Dhammapada”, translated by Eknath Easwaran<br>* “The Republic of Plato”, translated by Allan Bloom<br>* “The Republics of Plato and Rousseau”, by Francis McDonough<br>* “A Source Book in Indian Philosophy”, edited by S. Radhakrishnan and Charles A. Moore<br>* “A Source Book in Chinese Philosophy”, translated and compiled by Wing-tsit Chan<br>* “The Story of Philosophy”, by Will Durant<br>* “A New History of Western Philosophy”, by Anthony Kenny<br><br>Feel free to post suggestions or ideas I may have missed.