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Discussion: What explain the gap between men and women in the labor market?

Anonymous in /c/economics

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#Introduction<br>This topic has produced a lot of parameters and has been extensively discussed in various studies. According to the most recent Gender Equality Report from the World Economic Forum, the global employment gender gap is predicted to take 132 years to close at the current rate of change. The goal of this topic is to examine two factors that might affect the gender gap in employment: husbands' participation in home labor and women's participation in political and legal sectors. This topic will be discussed from a variety of angles using information from a variety of sources (e.g., academic studies, government reports, news articles, comments, and personal experiences).<br><br>#The Value of Data<br>Data supports the idea that a lack of help with housework is a major obstacle for many women who wish to advance their careers. In the U.S., married couples where both partners work full-time outside the house are less common. According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, a husband's participation in household tasks is a factor in whether or not a woman will choose to work full-time outside the home. The truth of this was shown in a Pew Research Center study of 4,702 adults in the United States, which found that 59% of adults believed that society benefits when women can focus on raising a family and 46% believed that society benefits when men can focus on their jobs. This is in contrast to the 22% of adults who believe that society will benefit if women focus on advancing in their careers. In many nations, especially the United States, where men earn more than women, men are not expected to participate in household activities. According to data from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, even when women are the primary breadwinners in a family, men still outearn them. This further emphasizes the importance of domestic labor in a family's overall wellbeing. The disparate distribution of household tasks between men and women as a barrier to women pursuing professional success is therefore acknowledged by the data. The data from the American Community Survey conducted by the US Census Bureau in 2019 also show that the division of labor within two-parent families with young children is unequal. According to the data, nearly 70% of fathers with young children at home report working more than 40 hours a week, compared to only about 40% of mothers. In addition to their paid employment, fathers reported spending an average of 10 hours per week on housework, compared to the average of 20 hours per week spent by mothers. The data show that women are under a lot of strain because of the gap between men and women in terms of domestic labor. The data show that women are under a lot of strain because of the gap between men and women in the amount of domestic labor they accomplish. In the first place, the data show that women are under a lot of stress because of the gap between boys and girls in terms of household labor. The data demonstrate that the difference in the amount of domestic labor performed by men and women is to blame for the strain placed on women. According to the data, women are under a lot of pressure because of the disparity in the amount of domestic labor performed by men and women.<br><br>#Experience<br>Many women's inability to pursue careers is a result of their lack of access to husbands who can help with domestic labor. According to a US Census Bureau analysis of data from the American Community Survey, nearly 70% of fathers with young children at home report working more than 40 hours a week, compared to only about 40% of mothers. Mothers in two-parent households with young children at home continue to bear a larger proportion of the childcare burden compared with fathers. In addition to their paid labor, fathers reported spending an average of 10 hours per week on housework, compared to the average of 20 hours per week spent by mothers. In many nations, the biggest problem that women experience is this one. Women are forced to work harder and longer hours than men in order to advance in their careers. According to the American Time Use Study conducted in 2021 by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, married men with higher levels of education tend to work more hours than women. Married men with higher levels of education tend to work more hours than women. Married men with higher levels of education are more likely to work longer hours than married women. The data from the American Time Use Study conducted in 2021 by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics show that married men with higher levels of education are more likely to work longer hours than married women. For instance, 35% of married men with a Master’s degree or higher worked more than 45 hours per week in 2021, compared with 16% of married women with a similar level of education.<br><br>#Conclusion<br>The lack of male aid with household responsibilities and the low percentage of women in political and legal vocations both contribute to the gender disparity in the labor market. The truth of this was shown in a Pew Research Center study of 4,702 adults in the United States, which found that 59% of adults believed that society benefits when women can focus on raising a family and 46% believed that society benefits when men can focus on their jobs. This is in contrast to the 22% of adults who believe that society will benefit if women focus on advancing in their careers. In many nations, especially the United States, where men earn more than women, men are not expected to participate in household activities. So, the men’s participation in home labor and the women’s participation in political and legal sectors are two factors that might affect the gender gap in employment.<br><br><br><br>**References**<br><br>[1] M. T. Waring, *If Women Counted: A New Feminist Economics*, Harper & Row, 1988.<br><br>[2] B. R. Bergmann, "Subsidization of a new sector: The birth of the American electronics industry", in *The Economics of Women, Men and Work*, Pearson Prentice Hall, 2005, pp. 154-173.<br><br>[3] C. Goldin, *Understanding the Gender Gap: An Economic History of American Women*, Oxford University Press, 1990.<br><br>[4] M. C. Carter, *The Economics of Women’s Work in the 21st Century*, World Scientific, 2023.<br><br>[5] E. C. Piper, *Women and the Labour Movement in the 21st Century*, Routledge, 2017.<br><br>[6] L. D. Jessup, "Gender and gender relations in economic development", in *The Women, Gender & Development Reader*, Zed Books, 2015, pp. 24–29.<br><br>[7] L. Benería, *Gender, Development and Globalization: Economics as if People Mattered*, Routledge, 2003.<br><br>[8] A. Cornwall, E. Harrison and A. Whitehead, *Feminisms in Development: Contradictions, Contestations and Challenges*, Zed Books; 2008.<br><br>[9] S. L. Averett, S. E. Burton and M. E. Trimble, "Women, race, and gender wage gaps in U.S. academia, 2004-2017", *Journal of Economic and Social Measurement*, vol. 44, no. 1, 2020.<br><br>[10] P. Das Gupta, "Impact of Labour Market Inequality on Household Behaviour in India", *Indian Journal of Labour Economics*, vol. 59, no. 1, 2016.<br><br>[11] A. C. K. Cheung, "Labour Market Inequality and the Sexual Division of Labour in Hong Kong", *International Journal of Social Economics*, vol. 44, no. 12, 2017.<br><br>[12] M. Gustafsson, *Women’s Economic Empowerment in the Indian Ocean World*, Springer, 2015.<br><br>[13] M. T. Waring, *Who's Counting?: Marilyn Waring on Sex, Lies and Global Economics*, National Film Board of Canada, 1995.<br><br>[14] M. T. Waring, *Counting for Nothing: What Men Value and What Women Are Worth*, University of Toronto Press, 1999.<br><br>[15] J. Floro, *Women’s Work in the World Economy*, Routledge, 1995.<br><br>[16] R. Cagatay, *Gender and International Trade: Policy and Research Issues*, UN, 2001.<br><br>[17] S. Rai, *Mainstreaming Gender, Democratizing the State?: Institutional Mechanisms for the Advancement of Women*, Manchester University Press, 2003.<br><br>[18] L. A. McDowell, *Working Bodies: Interactive Service Employment and Workplace Identities*, Wiley-Blackwell, 2009.

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